Main Article Content
Abstract
The aim of present study was to compare the air quality before and during lockdown due to COVID-19 pandemic at selected metro cities of India (Delhi, Kolkata, Bangalore, and Mumbai). The data of the selected parameters (Particulate Matter having diameter equal to or less than 2.5micron (PM2.5), Particulate Matter having diameter equal to or less than 10micron (PM10), Nitrogen oxides (NO2), Ammonia (NH3), Sulphur oxides (SO2) Carbon monoxides (CO), and Ozone (O3) for the present study was collected from the official website of Central pollution Control Board (CPCB) and analyzed by calculating mean, standard deviation, total variance, and correlation coefficient. Dendrogram analysis was also performed site wise. The concentration of all the parameters except ozone was found highest at Delhi among all the sites. Ozone values were found highest at Bangalore. A strong correlation was observed between PM10 and PM2.5 at all the sites during the study period. A great change in the values of all the studied parameters was observed before and during the lockdown periods. In metro cities values of PM2.5 was found higher than PM10 except at Bangalore where values of PM2.5 was found lower than PM10. Among all the studied metro cities, Delhi was found highly polluted before and during the lockdown period while Bangalore was found least polluted.
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References
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References
Cui, Y., Zhang, Z. F., Froines, J., Zhao, J., Wang, H., Yu, S. Z. and Detels, R. 2003. Air pollution and case fatality of SARS in the People’s Republic of China: an ecologic study. Environment Health Global, (2): 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-2-15.
Crutzen, P. J. and Andreae, M. O. 1990. Biomass burning in the tropics: impact on atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemical cycles. Science, 250(4988): 1669–1678. doi:10.1126/science.250.4988.1669.
Galperin, M. V. and Sofiev M. A. 1998. The long-range transport of ammonia and ammonium in the Northern Hemisphere. Atmospheric Environment, 32: 373-80. doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00045-9.
Garg, A., Shukla, P. R., Bhattacharya, S. and Dadhwal, V. K. 2001. Sub-region (district) and sector level SO2 and NOx emissions for India: assessment of inventories and mitigation flexibility. Atmospheric Environment, 35(4): 703-713.
Han, S., Bian, H., Feng, Y., Liu, A., Li, X., Zeng, F. and Zhang, X. 2011. Analysis of the relationship between O3, NO and NO2 in Tianjin, China. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, (11): 128–139. doi:10.4209/aaqr.2010.07.0055.
Ibe, F. C., Opara, A. I., Njoku, P. C. and Alinnor, J. I. 2017. Ambient air quality assessment of Orlu, Southeastern Nigeria, Journal of Applied Science, 17: 441–451.
Kumari, P. and Toshniwal, D. 2020. Impact of lockdown measures during COVID-19 on air quality–A case study of India. International journal of Environmental Health Research, https://doi.org/10.10 80/09603123.2020.1778646
Logan, J. A., Prather, M. J., Wofsy, S. C. and McElroy, M. B. 1981.Tropospheric chemistry: a global perspective. Journal of Geophysical Research, 86C8: 7210–7254. doi:10.1029/JC086iC08p07210
Monks, P. S. 2005. Gas-phase radical chemistry in the troposphere. Chemical Society Reviews, 34(5): 376–395.
Njoku, P. C. and Ibe, F. C. 2009. Heavy metal accumulation in electronic technicians, Journal of the chemical Society Nigeria, 34(1): 1–4.
Prospero, J. M., Glaccum, R. A. and Nees, R. T. 1981. Atmospheric transport of soil dust from Africa to South America. Nature, 28(9): 570–572.
Pudasainee, D., Sapkota, B., Shrestha, M. L., Kaga, A., Kondo, A. and Inoue, Y. 2006. Ground level ozone concentrations and its association with NOx and meteorological parameters in Kathmandu valley. Nepal Atmosphere Environment, 40(40): 8081–8087. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.07.011
Seinfeld, J. H. and Pandis, S. N. 1998. Atmospheric chemistry and physics. From Air Pollution to Climate Changes.Wiley, New York.
Sun, Y., Wang, L., Wang, Y., Quan, L. and Zirui, L. 2011. In situ measurements of SO2, NOx, NOy, and O3 in Beijing, China during august 2008. Science of Total Environment, 4095: 933–940.
Tawfik, A. B. and Steiner, A. L. 2013. A proposed physical mechanism for ozone-meteorology correlations using land– atmosphere coupling regimes. Atmosphere Environment, 72: 50–59.
Wayne, R. P. 2000. Chemistry of atmospheres: an introduction to the chemistry of the atmospheres of earth, the planets, and their satellites. Oxford University Press, New York.