Main Article Content
Abstract
The effects of whole Rayana paper board industries limited effluent (W.R.P.B.I.L.E) on some biochemical aspects of the fresh water teleost fish, Mystus vitatus were studied under experimental conditions through the course of the annual reproductive cycle of these fishes. A quantitative estimation of the amino acids and protein content was made in liver tissues, blood and gonadial tissues. The content of all these nutrient and building materials was observed to be significantly higher during the spawning phase when compaired to the other phases of the annual reproductive cycle. The changes produced in these biochemical parameters on account of exposure of the fishes for 96-h to 0.4 and 0.8 of LC50 – 96-h of, effluent, were also studied during all the three phases of the annual reproductive cycle. All the stress – induced biochemical alterations were always found to be the greater in case of 0.8 than in case of 0.4 e. effluent both the sublethal concentrations of the annual reproductive cycle of the fish, the aminoacid content of liver, blood and gonads was found to be increased, while the protein, content was measured to be decreased in liver, blood and gonads. The present study concludes a stress-induced metabolic dysfunction in response to effluent toxicity in the fish.
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References
- Aarno, E. Karels., Markus, Soimasuo. Jarmo Lappivaara., Harri Leppanen. and Aimo, O.J.Oikari., 1998. Effects of ECF-bleached Kraft mill effluent on reproductive steroids and liver MFO activity in populations of perch and roach Ecotoxicology 7:123-132 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014376825777
- Aida, K. Nagan, P.V. and Hibiya., (1973). Physiological studies on gonadal maturation of fishes-I. Sexual difference in composition of plasma protein in ova in relation to gonadal maturation. Bull. Jap.Soc.Sci. fish. 3: 1091-1098 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2331/suisan.39.1091
- APHA.2005. Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water. . American Public Health Association, 20th ed., Washington, DC.
- Ansari, B.A. and Kumar, K., 1987 Malathion toxicity. Effect on the ovary of the Zebra fish, Brachydanio rerio (Cyprinidae). Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol. 72(4): 517-528 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/iroh.19870720408
- Batty, J. and Lim, R., 1999. Morphological and Reproductive characteristics of male mosquito fish (Gambusia affanis holbrooki) inhabiting sewage-contaminated waters in New South Wales. Australia. Arch. Environ.Contam. Toxicol. 36:301-307. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s002449900475
- Bortone, S.and Cody, R., 1999. Morphological masculinization in poecillid females from a papermill effluent receiving tributary of the St. Johns River, Florida. USA. Bull.Environ.Contarn. Toxicol 63: 150-156. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s001289900960
- Campbell, R.C.,1974. Statistics for Biologists. Cambridge University Press, London, pp.385.
- Forlin, L., Andersson. T., Balk, L., and Larsson, A., 1995. Biochemical and Physiological Effects in fish exposed to Bleached Kraft Mill Effluents. Ecotoxicol. and Environ. Saf, 30: 164-170. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/eesa.1995.1021
- Ganesan, R.M., Jebakumar, S.R.D. and Jayaraman., 1989. Sublethal effects of organochlorine insecticide (endosulfan) on protein, carbohydrate and lipid contents in liver tissues of Oreochromis mossambicus. Proc. India Acad. Sci. (Animal Sci.), 98:51-55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03179564
- Iles, T.D. ,1984. Allocation of Resources to gonad and soma in atlantic herring, Clupea harenqus L. 331-347. In Fish Reproduction. Strategies and Tactices. Academic Press, London,pp. 331-347.
- Jeney, J., Voltonen, E.T., Jeney, G., and Jokinen, E.I., 1996. Effects of pulp and paper mill effluent (BKME) on physiology and biochemistry of the Roach (Rutilus rutilus L.) Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, 30:523-529. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00213404
- Joseph John, P.,2007. Alteration of certain blood parameters of fresh water teleost Mystus vittatus after chronic exposure to metasystox and sevin. Fish. Physiol. Biochem. 33;15-20. Doi 10.1007/S 10695-006-9112-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-006-9112-7
- Love, R.M.,1980. The chemical Biology of Fishes, 2. Academic Press London/New york.
- Lowry, O.H., Rosenbrough, N.J., Farr, A.L. and Randall, R.J., 1951. Protein measurements with Folin phenol reagent. J.Biol.Chem, 193:265-275. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(19)52451-6
- Maslennikova, N.V., 1970. Content of free aminoacids in the muscles, liver and gonads of the maturing Baltic cod. J.Icthyology, 10:566-571.
- Matty, A.J. ,1985. Fish endocrinology. Croom Helm Ltd., London / Sydney,pp. 267 .
- McLeay, D.J., 1973. Effects of a 12-h and 24-day exposure to kraft pulpmill effluent on the blood and tissues of juvenile cohosalmon (Onchorhynchus kisutch). J. Fish. Res. Board Canada, 30: 395-400. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/f73-070
- McLeay, D.J.,1977. Development of a blood sugar bioassay for rapid measuring stressful levels of pulp effluent to salmoid fish J. Fish. Res. Board Canada, 34: 477-485. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/f77-078
- McLeay, D.J.and Brown, D.A., 1974. Growth stimulation and biochemical changes in juvenile cohosalmon (Onchorhynchus kisutch) exposed to bleached kraft pulp mill effluent for 200 days J.Fish. Res. Board. Canada, 31: 1043-1049. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/f74-118
- McLeay, D.J. and Brown, D.A. ,1975. Effects of acute exposure to bleached kraft pulp mill effluents on carbohydrate metabolism of juvenile cohosalm (Onchorhynchus kisutch) during rest and exercise J.Fish. Res. Board. Canada, 32 ; 753-760. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/f75-098
- McLeay, D.J. and Brown, D.A., 1979. Stress and chronic effects of untreated and reated bleached kraft pulp mill effluent on the biochemistry and stamina of Juvenile cohosalmon (Onchorhynchus kisutch) J.Fish. Res. Board. Canada, 36: 1049-1059. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/f79-147
- McLeay, D.J. and Howard, T.E.,1977. Comparision of rapid bioassay procedures for measuring toxic effects of bleached raft mill effluent to fish. Proc. 3rd Aquatic
- Toxicity Workshop, Halifax, N.S.,Nov. 2-3, 1976. Env. Prot. Serv. Tech. Report No.EPS-5-AR-77-1, Halifax. Canada., pp 141-155.
- Moon, T.W., Walsh, P.J., and Mommsen, T.P., 1985. Fish hepatocytes, a model metabolic system. Can. J.fish. Aquat.Sci, 42:1772-1782. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/f85-222
- Narain, A.S. (1981). Bioassay of blood: Some guidelines for interpretation of results. Natl. Acad. Sci. Lett. 4: 485-487.
- Narain, A.S., and Pandey, R.K. ,1989. Annual variation in the gonadal biochemistryof Mystus (M.) vittatus (Bl.), a common Indian fresh water teleost. Z. Angew. Zool. 76:169-176.
- Narain, R.R., and Sathyanesan. ,1985. Organophosphate induced biochemical changes in the brain, liver and ovary of the fish Channa punctatus (Bloch). Proc. Indian. Natn. Sci. Acad. B 51(5): 537-542.
- Oikari, A., 1977. Physiological condition of fish exposed to water containing pulp and paper industry wastes and sewage. In: Biological Monitering of Inland Fisheries (Ed.: J.S. Albaster). Applied. Sci. Publ. Londo,. pp.89-96.
- Oikari, A., Lonn, B.E., Castren, M., Nakari, T., Snickars – Nikinmaa, B., Bister, H.,and Virtanen, E.,1983. Toxicological effects of dehydrobietic acid (DHAA) on the trout, Salmo gairdneri Rich., in fresh water. Water Res, 17:81-89. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(83)90288-9
- Oikari, A., Nikinma, M., Lindgren, S., and Lonn, B.E. (1985a) Sublethal effects of simulated pulpmill effluents on the respiration and energy metabolism of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf, -384. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0147-6513(85)90056-9
- Parks, L., Lambright, C., Orlando, E., Guillette, L., Ankley, G., and Gray, L.,2001. Masculinization of female mosquitofish in kraft mill effluent contaminated Fenholloway River water is associated with androgen receptor agonist activity. Toxicol. Sci, 62: 257-267. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/62.2.257
- Potts, G.W., and Wooten, R.J., 1984. Fish Reproduction on Strategies and Tactics. Academic Press London.
- Rao, P.P., Joseph, K.V., and Jayantha Rao, K.,1990. Histopathological and biochemical changes in the liver of a fresh water fish exposed to heptachlor. J. Natcon. 2(2). 133-137.
- Renu Rai., (1987). Responses of serum protein in a fresh water fish to experimental mercury poisoning. J. Environ. Biol. 8(Suppl.2), 225-228.
- Revathi, K., Gulati, Sumand., and Sharief, Dawood. ,2005. Tannery effluent induced biochemical changes in the larvivorous fish, Gambusia affainis. Poll. Res, 24(4): 815-819.
- Shukla, J.P., and Pandey, K. ,1986. Zinc induced changes in the nucleic acids and protein metabolism in the fingerlings of a fresh water murrel, Channa punctatu, Acta hydrochim. Hydrobiol, 14: 195-197. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/aheh.19860140217
- Snedecor, G.W., 1961. Statistical Methods. Allied Pacific Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
- Snedecor, G.W., and Cochran, W.G., 1968. Statistical Methods. New Oxford and JBH Publication Co., New Delhi. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-196809000-00018
- Sorvachev, K.F., and Shatunovskii.,1968. Some information on the content of free aminoacids in the tissues of the white sea cod and founder. Po. Ekol. Treski Severnoi Atlantiki, 133-143, 42,62.
- Spies, J.R.,1957. Colorimetric procedures for aminoacids. In : Methods in enzymology (Eds: Colowick, S.P. and Kaplan, N.O.). Academic Press, New York. pp. 464-471.
- Suarez, R.K., and Mommsen., 1987. Gluconeogensis in teleost fishes. Can. J.Zool., 65: 1869-1882. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/z87-287
- United States Environmental Protection Agency.,1989. Short term methods for estimating the chronic toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to freshwater organisms. 2nd ed. EPA /600/4-89/001. Final report. Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH.
- Wallace, R.A., 1985. Vitellogenesis and oocyte growth in nonmammalian vertebrates. In : Development biology. A comprehensive synthesis, 1: Oogenesis (Ed: Browder, L.W.). Plenum, New York. pp. 127-177. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6814-8_3
References
Aarno, E. Karels., Markus, Soimasuo. Jarmo Lappivaara., Harri Leppanen. and Aimo, O.J.Oikari., 1998. Effects of ECF-bleached Kraft mill effluent on reproductive steroids and liver MFO activity in populations of perch and roach Ecotoxicology 7:123-132 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014376825777
Aida, K. Nagan, P.V. and Hibiya., (1973). Physiological studies on gonadal maturation of fishes-I. Sexual difference in composition of plasma protein in ova in relation to gonadal maturation. Bull. Jap.Soc.Sci. fish. 3: 1091-1098 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2331/suisan.39.1091
APHA.2005. Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water. . American Public Health Association, 20th ed., Washington, DC.
Ansari, B.A. and Kumar, K., 1987 Malathion toxicity. Effect on the ovary of the Zebra fish, Brachydanio rerio (Cyprinidae). Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol. 72(4): 517-528 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/iroh.19870720408
Batty, J. and Lim, R., 1999. Morphological and Reproductive characteristics of male mosquito fish (Gambusia affanis holbrooki) inhabiting sewage-contaminated waters in New South Wales. Australia. Arch. Environ.Contam. Toxicol. 36:301-307. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s002449900475
Bortone, S.and Cody, R., 1999. Morphological masculinization in poecillid females from a papermill effluent receiving tributary of the St. Johns River, Florida. USA. Bull.Environ.Contarn. Toxicol 63: 150-156. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s001289900960
Campbell, R.C.,1974. Statistics for Biologists. Cambridge University Press, London, pp.385.
Forlin, L., Andersson. T., Balk, L., and Larsson, A., 1995. Biochemical and Physiological Effects in fish exposed to Bleached Kraft Mill Effluents. Ecotoxicol. and Environ. Saf, 30: 164-170. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/eesa.1995.1021
Ganesan, R.M., Jebakumar, S.R.D. and Jayaraman., 1989. Sublethal effects of organochlorine insecticide (endosulfan) on protein, carbohydrate and lipid contents in liver tissues of Oreochromis mossambicus. Proc. India Acad. Sci. (Animal Sci.), 98:51-55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03179564
Iles, T.D. ,1984. Allocation of Resources to gonad and soma in atlantic herring, Clupea harenqus L. 331-347. In Fish Reproduction. Strategies and Tactices. Academic Press, London,pp. 331-347.
Jeney, J., Voltonen, E.T., Jeney, G., and Jokinen, E.I., 1996. Effects of pulp and paper mill effluent (BKME) on physiology and biochemistry of the Roach (Rutilus rutilus L.) Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, 30:523-529. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00213404
Joseph John, P.,2007. Alteration of certain blood parameters of fresh water teleost Mystus vittatus after chronic exposure to metasystox and sevin. Fish. Physiol. Biochem. 33;15-20. Doi 10.1007/S 10695-006-9112-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-006-9112-7
Love, R.M.,1980. The chemical Biology of Fishes, 2. Academic Press London/New york.
Lowry, O.H., Rosenbrough, N.J., Farr, A.L. and Randall, R.J., 1951. Protein measurements with Folin phenol reagent. J.Biol.Chem, 193:265-275. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(19)52451-6
Maslennikova, N.V., 1970. Content of free aminoacids in the muscles, liver and gonads of the maturing Baltic cod. J.Icthyology, 10:566-571.
Matty, A.J. ,1985. Fish endocrinology. Croom Helm Ltd., London / Sydney,pp. 267 .
McLeay, D.J., 1973. Effects of a 12-h and 24-day exposure to kraft pulpmill effluent on the blood and tissues of juvenile cohosalmon (Onchorhynchus kisutch). J. Fish. Res. Board Canada, 30: 395-400. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/f73-070
McLeay, D.J.,1977. Development of a blood sugar bioassay for rapid measuring stressful levels of pulp effluent to salmoid fish J. Fish. Res. Board Canada, 34: 477-485. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/f77-078
McLeay, D.J.and Brown, D.A., 1974. Growth stimulation and biochemical changes in juvenile cohosalmon (Onchorhynchus kisutch) exposed to bleached kraft pulp mill effluent for 200 days J.Fish. Res. Board. Canada, 31: 1043-1049. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/f74-118
McLeay, D.J. and Brown, D.A. ,1975. Effects of acute exposure to bleached kraft pulp mill effluents on carbohydrate metabolism of juvenile cohosalm (Onchorhynchus kisutch) during rest and exercise J.Fish. Res. Board. Canada, 32 ; 753-760. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/f75-098
McLeay, D.J. and Brown, D.A., 1979. Stress and chronic effects of untreated and reated bleached kraft pulp mill effluent on the biochemistry and stamina of Juvenile cohosalmon (Onchorhynchus kisutch) J.Fish. Res. Board. Canada, 36: 1049-1059. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/f79-147
McLeay, D.J. and Howard, T.E.,1977. Comparision of rapid bioassay procedures for measuring toxic effects of bleached raft mill effluent to fish. Proc. 3rd Aquatic
Toxicity Workshop, Halifax, N.S.,Nov. 2-3, 1976. Env. Prot. Serv. Tech. Report No.EPS-5-AR-77-1, Halifax. Canada., pp 141-155.
Moon, T.W., Walsh, P.J., and Mommsen, T.P., 1985. Fish hepatocytes, a model metabolic system. Can. J.fish. Aquat.Sci, 42:1772-1782. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/f85-222
Narain, A.S. (1981). Bioassay of blood: Some guidelines for interpretation of results. Natl. Acad. Sci. Lett. 4: 485-487.
Narain, A.S., and Pandey, R.K. ,1989. Annual variation in the gonadal biochemistryof Mystus (M.) vittatus (Bl.), a common Indian fresh water teleost. Z. Angew. Zool. 76:169-176.
Narain, R.R., and Sathyanesan. ,1985. Organophosphate induced biochemical changes in the brain, liver and ovary of the fish Channa punctatus (Bloch). Proc. Indian. Natn. Sci. Acad. B 51(5): 537-542.
Oikari, A., 1977. Physiological condition of fish exposed to water containing pulp and paper industry wastes and sewage. In: Biological Monitering of Inland Fisheries (Ed.: J.S. Albaster). Applied. Sci. Publ. Londo,. pp.89-96.
Oikari, A., Lonn, B.E., Castren, M., Nakari, T., Snickars – Nikinmaa, B., Bister, H.,and Virtanen, E.,1983. Toxicological effects of dehydrobietic acid (DHAA) on the trout, Salmo gairdneri Rich., in fresh water. Water Res, 17:81-89. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(83)90288-9
Oikari, A., Nikinma, M., Lindgren, S., and Lonn, B.E. (1985a) Sublethal effects of simulated pulpmill effluents on the respiration and energy metabolism of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf, -384. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0147-6513(85)90056-9
Parks, L., Lambright, C., Orlando, E., Guillette, L., Ankley, G., and Gray, L.,2001. Masculinization of female mosquitofish in kraft mill effluent contaminated Fenholloway River water is associated with androgen receptor agonist activity. Toxicol. Sci, 62: 257-267. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/62.2.257
Potts, G.W., and Wooten, R.J., 1984. Fish Reproduction on Strategies and Tactics. Academic Press London.
Rao, P.P., Joseph, K.V., and Jayantha Rao, K.,1990. Histopathological and biochemical changes in the liver of a fresh water fish exposed to heptachlor. J. Natcon. 2(2). 133-137.
Renu Rai., (1987). Responses of serum protein in a fresh water fish to experimental mercury poisoning. J. Environ. Biol. 8(Suppl.2), 225-228.
Revathi, K., Gulati, Sumand., and Sharief, Dawood. ,2005. Tannery effluent induced biochemical changes in the larvivorous fish, Gambusia affainis. Poll. Res, 24(4): 815-819.
Shukla, J.P., and Pandey, K. ,1986. Zinc induced changes in the nucleic acids and protein metabolism in the fingerlings of a fresh water murrel, Channa punctatu, Acta hydrochim. Hydrobiol, 14: 195-197. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/aheh.19860140217
Snedecor, G.W., 1961. Statistical Methods. Allied Pacific Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Snedecor, G.W., and Cochran, W.G., 1968. Statistical Methods. New Oxford and JBH Publication Co., New Delhi. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-196809000-00018
Sorvachev, K.F., and Shatunovskii.,1968. Some information on the content of free aminoacids in the tissues of the white sea cod and founder. Po. Ekol. Treski Severnoi Atlantiki, 133-143, 42,62.
Spies, J.R.,1957. Colorimetric procedures for aminoacids. In : Methods in enzymology (Eds: Colowick, S.P. and Kaplan, N.O.). Academic Press, New York. pp. 464-471.
Suarez, R.K., and Mommsen., 1987. Gluconeogensis in teleost fishes. Can. J.Zool., 65: 1869-1882. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/z87-287
United States Environmental Protection Agency.,1989. Short term methods for estimating the chronic toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to freshwater organisms. 2nd ed. EPA /600/4-89/001. Final report. Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH.
Wallace, R.A., 1985. Vitellogenesis and oocyte growth in nonmammalian vertebrates. In : Development biology. A comprehensive synthesis, 1: Oogenesis (Ed: Browder, L.W.). Plenum, New York. pp. 127-177. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6814-8_3