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Abstract
The present study was undertaken to evaluate the biochemical and morphological nature of the milt (=spermatozoa) of the snow-trout fish Schizothorax richardsonii. The study was conducted to find out the possibilities of evolving cryopreservation, artificial propagation for better fishery development. Scanning Electron Microscopy was employed to find out the structural details of the sperm cell. Biometric and mobility studies were also done on the sperm cells to obtain their sizes and movements. The present findings showed that S. richardsonii has high protein and lipid content in gonads. The spermatozonic characteristics of these fishes can help in maintaining stocks of their populations in natural aquaculture resources.
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References
- Bahuguna, S.N. and Bisht, B., 2005. Comparative Osteo-Morphological Study of vertebral Column of Two hill-Stream Cyprinoid Snowtrout Fishes Schizothorax richardsonii (Gray) and Schizothorax plagiostomous (Heckel). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of India, 4:103-108.
- Billard, R. and Cosson, M.P., 1992.Some problems related to the assessment of sperm motility in freshwater fishes. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 26:122-131. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.1402610203
- Bligh, E.G. and Dyer, W.J., 1959. A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology, 37: 911-917. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/o59-099
- Burns, J.R., Meisner, D.A., Weitzman, H.S. and Malabarba, L.R., 2002. Sperm and Spermatozeugma Ultrastructure in the Inseminating Catfish, Trachelyopterus lucenai (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae). Copeia, (1):173-179. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2002)002[0173:SASUIT]2.0.CO;2
- Di Lauro, M. N., Kaboord, S.W. and Walsh, A.R., 1999. Sperm-cell ultrastructure of North American sturgeons. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 77(2): 321–330. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/z98-219
- Geetha, S.H. and Suryanaryanan, Nair, B., 1990. On the nature of the biochemical constituents during the breeding cycle in Puntius vittatus (Day).Journal of Animal Morphology & Physiology, 37:139-146.
- Hartree, E. E., 1972. Modifications of Lowry’s method. Analytical Biochemistry, 48:422-427. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(72)90094-2
- Iwamatsu, T. and Ohta, T., 1981. Scanning Electron Microscopic Observation on sperm penetration in teleostean fish. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 218:261-277. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.1402180219
- Jamieson, B.G.M., 1991. Fish Evolution and Systematics: Evidences from spermatozoa. University Press, Cambridge. U.K.
- Koch, R.A. and Lambert, C.C., 1990. Ultrastructure of sperm spermiogenesis and sperm egg interaction in selected invertebrates and lower vertebrates which use external fertilization. Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique, 16:115-154. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1060160204
- Lahnsteiner, F. and Patzner, R.A., 1990. Spermiogenesis and structure of mature spermatozoa in blennid fishes (Pisces, Blenniidae). Journal of Submicroscopy Cytology and Pathology, 22:565-576.
- Lahnsteiner, F., Berger, B., Weismann, T. and Patzner, R.A., 1999. Motility of Spermatozoa of A. albumus(Cyprinidae) and its relationship to seminal Plasma composition and sperm metabolism. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 15:167-179. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01875596
- Lowry, O. H., Rosebrough, N.J., Farr, A.L. and Randall, R.J., 1951. Protein measurement with the Folin-Phenol reagents. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 193: 265-275. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(19)52451-6
- Mattei, X., 1970., Spermiogenese compare des poisons. Comp. In: B. Baccetti (Eds.), Spermatology.Academic Press, New York: 57-69.
- Mattei, X. , 1991. Spermatozoon ultrastructure and its systematic implications in fishes. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 69:3038–3055. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/z91-428
- Menon, A. G. K., 1992. Taxonomy of mahseer fishes of the genus Tor of Gray with description of a new species from the Deccan. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 89:210–228.
- Nelson, J. S., 2006. Fishes of theWorld, 4th edn. p. 601. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
- Routray, P., Verma, D.K., Sarkar, S.K. and Sarangi, N., 2007. Recent advances in carp seed production and milt cryopreservation. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 33:413-427. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-007-9159-0
- Stanley, H.P., 1971. Fine structure of spermiogenesis in the Elasmobranch fish Squalus suckleyi II. Late stages of differentiation and structure of the mature spermatozoan. Journal of Ultrastructure Research,, 36:103-118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5320(71)80091-6
- Stoss, J., 1983. Fish Gamete Preservation and Spermatozoa Physiology pp 305-350.In: Hora W.S.,Randall D.J., Donalson E.M.,(eds.) Fish Physiology. Academic Press, San Diego, California. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1546-5098(08)60306-4
- Sunder S. 1986. On the breeding biology of a snow trout Schizothorax longipinris from the river Jhelum, Kashmir. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 33 (2): 201-210.
- Suzuki, R., 1959. Sperm activation and aggregation during fertilization in some fishes: III Non species specificity of stimulating factor. Annot. Zool. Jap, 32: 105-111.
References
Bahuguna, S.N. and Bisht, B., 2005. Comparative Osteo-Morphological Study of vertebral Column of Two hill-Stream Cyprinoid Snowtrout Fishes Schizothorax richardsonii (Gray) and Schizothorax plagiostomous (Heckel). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of India, 4:103-108.
Billard, R. and Cosson, M.P., 1992.Some problems related to the assessment of sperm motility in freshwater fishes. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 26:122-131. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.1402610203
Bligh, E.G. and Dyer, W.J., 1959. A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology, 37: 911-917. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/o59-099
Burns, J.R., Meisner, D.A., Weitzman, H.S. and Malabarba, L.R., 2002. Sperm and Spermatozeugma Ultrastructure in the Inseminating Catfish, Trachelyopterus lucenai (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae). Copeia, (1):173-179. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2002)002[0173:SASUIT]2.0.CO;2
Di Lauro, M. N., Kaboord, S.W. and Walsh, A.R., 1999. Sperm-cell ultrastructure of North American sturgeons. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 77(2): 321–330. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/z98-219
Geetha, S.H. and Suryanaryanan, Nair, B., 1990. On the nature of the biochemical constituents during the breeding cycle in Puntius vittatus (Day).Journal of Animal Morphology & Physiology, 37:139-146.
Hartree, E. E., 1972. Modifications of Lowry’s method. Analytical Biochemistry, 48:422-427. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(72)90094-2
Iwamatsu, T. and Ohta, T., 1981. Scanning Electron Microscopic Observation on sperm penetration in teleostean fish. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 218:261-277. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.1402180219
Jamieson, B.G.M., 1991. Fish Evolution and Systematics: Evidences from spermatozoa. University Press, Cambridge. U.K.
Koch, R.A. and Lambert, C.C., 1990. Ultrastructure of sperm spermiogenesis and sperm egg interaction in selected invertebrates and lower vertebrates which use external fertilization. Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique, 16:115-154. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1060160204
Lahnsteiner, F. and Patzner, R.A., 1990. Spermiogenesis and structure of mature spermatozoa in blennid fishes (Pisces, Blenniidae). Journal of Submicroscopy Cytology and Pathology, 22:565-576.
Lahnsteiner, F., Berger, B., Weismann, T. and Patzner, R.A., 1999. Motility of Spermatozoa of A. albumus(Cyprinidae) and its relationship to seminal Plasma composition and sperm metabolism. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 15:167-179. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01875596
Lowry, O. H., Rosebrough, N.J., Farr, A.L. and Randall, R.J., 1951. Protein measurement with the Folin-Phenol reagents. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 193: 265-275. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(19)52451-6
Mattei, X., 1970., Spermiogenese compare des poisons. Comp. In: B. Baccetti (Eds.), Spermatology.Academic Press, New York: 57-69.
Mattei, X. , 1991. Spermatozoon ultrastructure and its systematic implications in fishes. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 69:3038–3055. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/z91-428
Menon, A. G. K., 1992. Taxonomy of mahseer fishes of the genus Tor of Gray with description of a new species from the Deccan. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 89:210–228.
Nelson, J. S., 2006. Fishes of theWorld, 4th edn. p. 601. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Routray, P., Verma, D.K., Sarkar, S.K. and Sarangi, N., 2007. Recent advances in carp seed production and milt cryopreservation. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 33:413-427. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-007-9159-0
Stanley, H.P., 1971. Fine structure of spermiogenesis in the Elasmobranch fish Squalus suckleyi II. Late stages of differentiation and structure of the mature spermatozoan. Journal of Ultrastructure Research,, 36:103-118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5320(71)80091-6
Stoss, J., 1983. Fish Gamete Preservation and Spermatozoa Physiology pp 305-350.In: Hora W.S.,Randall D.J., Donalson E.M.,(eds.) Fish Physiology. Academic Press, San Diego, California. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1546-5098(08)60306-4
Sunder S. 1986. On the breeding biology of a snow trout Schizothorax longipinris from the river Jhelum, Kashmir. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 33 (2): 201-210.
Suzuki, R., 1959. Sperm activation and aggregation during fertilization in some fishes: III Non species specificity of stimulating factor. Annot. Zool. Jap, 32: 105-111.