Main Article Content
Abstract
The present study was carried out to find the relationship between prevalence of dental fluorosis among the school children and concentration of fluoride ion in drinking water sources of village Arnora and Bhaboor of District Doda, J&K, India. All the underground drinking water sources of the area were analysed for fluoride ion estimation which was found ranging between 0.3-2.4 mg/land 1.5-2.5 mg/l in spring and hand pump, respectively. Dental health status for a total of 215 school children of the age group 12-16 years was examined using Dean’s fluorosis Index. The prevalence of dental fluorosis was 78.6% with 80% in female and 77.14% in males. No significant relation (P>0.05) between prevalence of dental fluorosis to the socioeconomic status of the children was found. The high prevalence of dental fluorosis in the area under survey suggests that the children are exposed to higher than optimal level of fluoride.
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References
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- Ministry of water resources, Central Ground Water Board. 2010. Ground Water Quality report of Jammu and Kashmir State, North western Himalayan Region.
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- Susheela, A. K. 1987. Fluorosis in India, the magnitude and severity of the problem.Sci. Dev. Env: 147-57.
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- Tripathi, P., Sultana, N. 2007. Fluorosis content of ground water and prevalence of dental, skeletal and neurological stage of fluorosis in Tehsil Purwa of Unnao.Indian Journal of Environmental Protection, 27(8): 737-739.
- UmesihKoleoso, D. C. 2004. Dental fluorosis and other enamel disorders in 12 years old Nigerian children. J. Community medicine and Primary health Care, 16(1): 25-28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/jcmphc.v16i1.32403
- WHO 1996.Trace elements in human nutrition and health. Geneva: World Health Organisation.
- WHO 1997.Oral health surveys: Basic methods, Geneva: 4th ed. World health organization.
- WHO 2004.Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. Geneva: Volume 1. 3rd ed. World Health organization.
References
Baskaradoss, J. K., Roger C., Narayanan A. 2008. Prevelence of Dental Fluorosis and associated risk factors in 11-15 year old school children of Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, India.J. Indian Dent Res, 19(4): 297-303. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-9290.44531
Dean, H. T. 1934. Classifications of mottled enamel diagnosis. Public Health Report, 57, 1155-1179. J Am Dent Assoc, 21: 1421-1426. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.1934.0220
Fawell, J., Bailey, K., Chilton, J., Dahi, E., Fewtrell, L., Magara, Y. 2006. Fluoride in drinking water.World Health Organization (WHO).
Gopalakrishnan, P., Vasan, R. S., Sarma, P. S., Nair, K. S., Thankappan, R.1999. Prevalence of dental fluorosis and associated risk factor in Alappuzaha district, Kerala, India. Natl. Med. Journal, 12: 99-103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0895-4356(99)80100-0
Gopalakrishnan, S. 2000. Prevalence of Fluorosis in 20 villages of Manur Block, TirunelveliKattabomman District.Indian Journal of Environmental Protection, 20(9): 663-667.
Ministry of water resources, Central Ground Water Board. 2010. Ground Water Quality report of Jammu and Kashmir State, North western Himalayan Region.
Nagarajan, P., Raja, R. E., Ramachandramoorthy, T., Kavitha, B., Sivaraj, C. 2004.Analysis of Fluoride level in ground and surface water and survey of dental fluorosis among school children in OmalurTaluk, Salem District.Indian Journal of Environmental Protection, 24(3): 187-192.
Rain, A. K., Kant, S. 1995. Dental Fluorosis - A case study in three villages of District Rajouri (J&K).Proc. Accad.Environ. Biol, 4(2): 143-146.
Raju, N. J., Dey, S., Das, K. 2009. Fluoride contamination in ground waters of Sonbhadra District Uttar Pradesh India.Current Science, 96(7): 979-985.
Ramezani, H., Valaei, N., Eikani, H. 2004. Prevalence of DMFT and Fluorosis in the students of Dayer city (Iran).J. Indian Pedo. Prev Dent, 22(2): 49-53.
Srinivas, C. H., Piska, R. S., Venkateshwar, C., Rao, M. S., Reddy, R. R. 2000. Studies on ground water quality of Hyderabad.Poll. Res, 19(2) 285-289.
Susheela, A. K. 1987. Fluorosis in India, the magnitude and severity of the problem.Sci. Dev. Env: 147-57.
Susheela, A. K. 1999. Fluorosis management programme in India. Current Science, 77(10): 1250-1256.
Susheela, A. K. 2007. A treatise on fluorosis.3rd ed. Delhi: Fluorosis Research and Rural Development Foundation.
Tripathi, P., Sultana, N. 2007. Fluorosis content of ground water and prevalence of dental, skeletal and neurological stage of fluorosis in Tehsil Purwa of Unnao.Indian Journal of Environmental Protection, 27(8): 737-739.
UmesihKoleoso, D. C. 2004. Dental fluorosis and other enamel disorders in 12 years old Nigerian children. J. Community medicine and Primary health Care, 16(1): 25-28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/jcmphc.v16i1.32403
WHO 1996.Trace elements in human nutrition and health. Geneva: World Health Organisation.
WHO 1997.Oral health surveys: Basic methods, Geneva: 4th ed. World health organization.
WHO 2004.Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. Geneva: Volume 1. 3rd ed. World Health organization.