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Abstract
Uttarakhand being a mountainous state having maximum area under forest cover, about 65% and provides large amount of freshwater river for Ganga basin where habitation and agriculture are dominant. The rising demand of drinking water due to population growth also leads to the water scarcity in the terms of availability of quality drinking water. Contamination mentioned by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), 2009 and low per capita availability of quality drinking water reported by Department of Science and Technology (Government of India), 2010-2015, are the key issues of the state. To understand the availability of safe drinking water it is necessary to understand the overall hydrology of the basin in a spatial domain. The utilization of advance tools and techniques such as spatial models, geo statistical tools, high resolution remote sensing data and numerical hydrological model in the present study will enhance and ensure the water quality issue of Himalayan state of Uttarakhand which is expected to serve the society living along the river basin as well as in mountainous systems. The study will ensure the availability of sufficient quality drinking water to the communities in the selected watershed of each districts, considering the environmental aspects and human health while assessing 26 water quality parameters like color, odour,taste, turbidity, pH, total hardness, iron, chloride, chlorine, fluoride, total dissolved solids, calcium, magnesium, copper ,manganese, sulphate, nitrate, phenolic compound, arsenic, cadmium, lead, zinc, chromium, alkalinity and coliform bacteria etc. and also provide feasible solution of sustainable availability of water. Geospatial water quality and quantity model help to find out the spatio-temporal analysis of contamination and particles movement in the watersheds. Modern geo statistical simulation algorithms can produce multiple subsurface realizations that are in agreement with the conceptual geological models. The quality modeling and monitoring will help in providing portable surface and ground waters to the citizens.
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References
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References
Asheesh and Mohamed. 2003. Allocating the Gaps of Shared Water Resources (The Scarcity Index) Case Study Palestine Israel. IGME, 797-805.
Brown, A. and Matlock, M. D. 2011. A review of Water Scarcity Indices and methodologies. The Sustainability Consortium.White Paper, 106.
Carr, G. M. and Neary, J. P. 2010. Water Quality for Ecosystem and Human Health. United Nations Environment Programme Global Environment Monitoring, 2nd Edition. In: Ross, Nancy et al, Clearing the Waters: A Focus on water Quality solutions. Unites Nations Environment Programme, UNON, Publishing Services Section, Kenya.
Chiang, W. H. and Kinzelbach, W. 1998. An Advective Transport Model For Calculating .3D Paths. PMPATH 98 is designed for using with (PMWIN Version 4.0) and MODFLOW.
CPCB, 2009. Ganga Water Quality Trend, Monitoring of Indian Aquatic Resources, Central Pollution Control Board, Ministry of Environment and Forests Series: MINARS/31/2009–2010. (Last accessed May 2015)
DST, 2015. http://dst.gov.in/scientific-programme/ Water_Challenged_Sites_for Research Based_Solution.pdf (last accessed May 2015)
GALDIT method http://www.aprh.pt/celtico/PAPERS/ts3p25_presentation
Linde, N., Renard, P., Mukerji, T., Caers, J. 2015. Geological realism in hydrogeological and geophysical inverse modeling: A review. Advances in Water Resources, 86: 86–101.
Zheng, C. 1999. MT3D: A modular three-dimensional transport model forsimulation of advection, dispersion and chemical reactions of contaminants in groundwater systems, 199
Zheng, C. and Wang PP. 1999. MT3DMS: A modular three-dimensional multispeciesmodel for simulation of advection, dispersion and chemicalreactions of contaminants in groundwater systems: documentationand user’s guide. Vicksburg, MS: SERDP-99-1, US Army EngineerResearch and Development Center.