Article Sidebar

Submitted
January 28, 2022
Accepted
April 30, 2022
Published
September 18, 2022
Download
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 129 Download : 322

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Main Article Content

Abstract

Ulhas River estuary is one of the most significant estuarine systems situated western coast of India. This estuary has been polluted by several point and nonpoint source and therefore, the multivariate statistical methods were used to determine sediments parameter concentrations, their distributions, and their relationship. In the present study, sediment samples were collected from five different stations and analyzed eight heavy metals' concentrations with seven other parameters. The multivariate statistical methods (PCA, nMDS, and ANOSIM) were used to determine sediments parameter concentrations, their distributions, and their relationship. The PCA results showed that the concentrations of N%, H%, S%, C/N, C/H, EC, and OC% were significant contributors to PC1 (36%) while the heavy metals such as Cu, Pb, Cd, Ni, Si, and Hg concentration were major contributor to PC2 (20%). Both PCs are indicated anthropogenic pollutant deposition towards the mouth of the estuary. Other results of nMDS showed a high degree of similarities within the stations such as 2, 3, and 4. Moreover, analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) results also support them at a significant level of 0.01% with a global R-value (0.6). The observed level of heavy metals contamination in the sediment samples was in the order of Cr >Pb >Cu > Ni >Zn > Hg >Si>Cd. Industrial discharges within the catchment area may be the potential source of sediment pollution and warrants immediate targeted actions to protect this vital ecosystem and its biodiversity. 

Keywords

Estuary Heavy metal Pollution Sediment Ulhas river

Article Details

License

Copyright (c) 2022 Environment Conservation Journal

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

How to Cite
Raut, S., Bharti, V. S., & Gupta, N. (2022). Assessment of heavy metal contamination by multivariate statistical methods from the sediment of Ulhas river estuary, Maharashtra, India. Environment Conservation Journal, 23(3), 135–144. https://doi.org/10.36953/ECJ.10632253
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC

References

  1. American Public Health Association (2005). Standard methods for examination of water and waste water. 21st Ed. Washington DC, USA.
  2. Bellos, D. & Sawidis T. (2005). Chemical pollution monitoring of the River Pinios Thessalia – Greece. Journal of Environmental Management, 4, 282-292. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.01.027
  3. Bhosale, U. (1991). Heavy metals pollution around the Island City of Bombay, India. Chemical Geology, 90, 285-305. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(91)90105-Z
  4. Bhutiani, R., Ahamad, F., Tyagi, V., & Ram, K. (2018). Evaluation of water quality of River Malin using water quality index (WQI) at Najibabad, Bijnor (UP) India. Environment Conservation Journal, 19(1&2), 191-201. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36953/ECJ.2018.191228
  5. Callender, E. & Rice K. C. (2000). The Urban Environmental Gradient Anthropogenic influences on the spatial and temporal distributions of Lead and Zinc in sediments. Environmental Science and Technology, 34, 2, 232-238. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/es990380s
  6. Chaston, K.A., Moody P. W. & Dennison W. C. (2008): Nutrient bioavailability of soils and sediments in an Australian estuary influenced by agriculture: Linking land to sea. Coastal watershed management. WIT Press, Southhampton, May 23, 37-64 (UK). DOI: https://doi.org/10.2495/978-1-84564-091-0/02
  7. Clarke, K. R. & Gorley R. N. (2015): Getting started with PRIMER v7. PRIMER-E: Plymouth, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, 20 (UK).
  8. Dauby, P., Frankignoulle, M., Gobert, S. & Bouguegneau, J.M. (1994). Distribution of POC, PON and particulate Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ti, Zn and d13C in the English Channel and adjacent areas. Oceanologica Acta, 17, 643-657.
  9. Diagomanolin, V., Farhang, M., Ghazi-Khansari & Jafarzadeh, N. (2004). Heavy metals (Ni, Cr, Cu) in the Karoon waterway river Iran. Toxicology Letters, 151, 63-68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.02.018
  10. Dias, J. M., Valentim, J. M. & Sousa, M. C. (2013). A numerical study of local variations in tidal regime of Tagus estuary, Portugal. PLoS One, 8, 12, 80450. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0080450
  11. Dotaniya, M. L., Meena, V. D., Rajendiran, S., Vassanda, M., Saha, J. K., Kundu, S. & Patra A.K. (2016). Geo-Accumulation Indices of Heavy Metals in Soil and Groundwater of Kanpur, India Under Long Term Irrigation of Tannery Eluent. Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 98, 706-711. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-016-1983-4
  12. Facchinelli, A., Sacchi, E. & Mallen, L. (2001). Multivariate statistical and GIS-based approach to identify heavy metal sources in soils. Environmental Pollution, 114, 313–324. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(00)00243-8
  13. Genchi, G., Carocci, A., Lauria, G., Sinicropi, M. S. & Catalano, A. (2020). Nickel: Human health and environmental toxicology. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 3, 679. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030679
  14. Goudie, A. (2006): The Human Impact on the Natural Environment: Past, Present, And Future. Blackwell Publishing Imprint, Malden, MA, Oxford.
  15. Grimnes, S. & Martinsen O. G. (2015): Chapter 9 - Data and Models. Bioimpedance and Bioelectricity Basics (Third Edition) (pp: 329 – 340), Elsevier. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-411470-8.00009-X
  16. Han, Y. M., Du, P. X., Cao J. J. & Posmentier, E. S. (2006). Multivariate analysis of heavy metal contamination in urban dusts of Xi’an, Central China. Science of The Total Environment, 355, 176–186. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.02.026
  17. Jha, S., Chavan, B., Pandit, B., Negi B. & Sadasivan, S. (2000). Behaviour and fluxes of trace and toxic elements in creek sediment near Mumbai, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 76, 249-262. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015579913509
  18. Jolliffe, I. T. & Cadima J. (2016). Principal component analysis: a review and recent developments. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 374, 20150202. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0202
  19. Karthikeyan, R. S., Vijayalakshami S. & Balasubramaian T. (2007). Monthly variation of heavy metals and metal resistant bacteria from the Uppanar estuary (Southeast cost of India). Research Journal of Microbiology, 2, 50-57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3923/jm.2007.50.57
  20. Liu, C. W., Lin, K. H., & Kuo, Y. M. (2003). Application of factor analysis in the assessment of groundwater quality in a Blackfoot disease area in Taiwan. Science of The Total Environment, 313, 77–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00683-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00683-6
  21. Menon, J. S. & Mahajan S. V. (2012). Mercury levels in hair of fish consumers along Ulhas river estuary and Thane. Marine Biological Association of India, 54, 9-17.
  22. Mirajkar, P., Moily, R., Kulkarni, V. V., Bhosale V. M. & Krishnamoorthy T. M. (1995). Preliminary Studies on the Distribution of Heavy Metals in Thane Creek Ecosystem in Relation to Industrial Effluent Discharges, Proceedings of 4th National Symposium on Environment, Madras, (India), 7-10.
  23. Najamuddin, Surahman (2017). Dispersion, Speciation, and Pollution Assessment of Heavy Metals Pb and Zn in Surface Sediment from Disturbed Ecosystem of Jeneberang Waters IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 89, 012030. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/89/1/012030
  24. Olkin, I. & A. R. Sampson (2001): Multivariate analysis: overview. International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (pp: 10240-10247), Elsevier. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/00472-1
  25. Olsen, S. R., Cole, C. V., Watanabe F. S. & Dean L. A. (1954): Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. United States Department of Agriculture (USA).
  26. Pavoni, E., Crosera, M., Petranich, E., Faganeli, J., Klun, K., Oliveri, P., Covelli, S. & Adami G. (2021). Distribution, Mobility and Fate of Trace Elements in an Estuarine System Under Anthropogenic Pressure: the Case of the Karstic Timavo River (Northern Adriatic Sea, Italy). Estuaries and Coasts, 44, 1831-1847. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-021-00910-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-021-00910-9
  27. Ram, A., Rokade, M., Borole D. and Zingde M. (2003). Mercury in sediments of Ulhas estuary. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 46, 846–857. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(03)00065-1
  28. Rathod, S. D. (2005). Effect of pollution on mudskipper fishery of Ulhas River Estuary with a special reference to the biology of Boleopthalmus dussumieri (Cuv. & Val.). A minor project in biological studies, University of Mumbai, Mumbai (India).
  29. Rathod, S. D. & N. N. Patil (2009). Feeding habits of Boleophthalmus dussumieri (cuv. & val.) from Ulhas river estuary near Thane city, Maharashtra state. Journal of Aquatic Biology, 2, 153 -159.
  30. Raut, S. M., Bharti, V. S., Ramteke, K., & Gupta N. (2019). Examining the heavy metal contents of an estuarine ecosystem: case study from Maharashtra, India. Journal of Coastal Conservation, 23, 977–984. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-019-00702-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-019-00702-1
  31. Ruhela, M., Bhutiani, R., Ahamad, F., & Khanna, D. R. (2019). Impact of Hindon River Water on Selected Riparian Flora (Azadirachta Indica and Acacia Nilotica) with special Reference to Heavy Metals. Pollution, 5(4), 749-760.
  32. Salomons, W., Van Driel W. & Kerdijk H. B. (1982): Effects of waste disposal on ground water. Proceedings of the Exeter Symposium, IHAS, Holand.
  33. Sankar, R., Ramkumar, L., Rajkumar, M., Sun, J. & Ananthan, G. (2010). Seasonal variations in physico chemical parameters and heavy metals in water and sediments of Uppanar estuary, Nagapattinam, India. Journal of Environmental Biology, 5, 681- 686.
  34. Singare, P. U., Trivedi M. P. & Mishra R. M. (2011). Assessing the physico-chemical parameters of sediment ecosystem of Vasai Creek at Mumbai, India. Marine Science, 1, 22-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5923/j.ms.20110101.03
  35. Singare, P. U., Trivedi M. P. & Mishra R. M. (2012). Sediment heavy metal contaminants in Vasai Creek of Mumbai: pollution impacts. American journal of chemistry, 2, 171-180 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5923/j.chemistry.20120203.13
  36. Sukhdhane, K. S., Priya, E. R., Raut S. M. & Jayakumar T. (2013). Status of Oil Pollution in Indian Coastal Waters. Fishing Chimes, 33, 53-54.
  37. Tyagi, S., Dubey, R. C., Bhutiani, R., & Ahamad, F. (2020). Multivariate Statistical analysis of river ganga water at Rishikesh and Haridwar, India. Analytical Chemistry Letters, 10(2), 195-213. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/22297928.2020.1756405
  38. Vase, V. K., Dash, G., Sreenath, K. R., Temkar, G., Raut, S. M., Koya, K. M., Divu, D., Dash, S., Pradhan, R. K., Sukhdhane, K. S., Jayasankar T. (2018). Spatio-temporal variability of physico-chemical variables, chlorophyll a, and primary productivity in the northern Arabian Sea along India coast. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 190, 148-155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-6490-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-6490-0
  39. Walkley, A. & Black I. A. (1934). An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining organic carbon in soils: Effect of variations in digestion conditions and of inorganic soil constituents. Soil Science, 63, 251-263. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-194704000-00001
  40. Zakir, H. M., Quadir Q. F. & Mollah M. Z. I. (2021). Human health risk assessment of heavy metals through the consumption of common foodstuffs collected from two divisional cities of Bangladesh. Exposure and Health, 13, 253-268. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-020-00380-7
  41. Zingde, M. D. (1999): Marine Pollution-What are we Heading for? In: Somayajulu, B. L. K. (Ed.), Ocean Science Trends and Future Directions (pp: 229-240). Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi, India